Historical Encyclopedia
Alexander the Great, also known as Alexander of Macedon, was born in 356 BC in Pella, the capital of ancient Macedonia. He was the son of King Philip II and Queen Olympias. From an early age, Alexander demonstrated exceptional abilities in learning and military affairs.
At the age of 13, Alexander became a student of the philosopher Aristotle, who had a significant influence on his worldview. Aristotle taught him not only philosophy but also the sciences, helping Alexander develop critical thinking and leadership qualities.
At the age of 20, after the assassination of Philip II, Alexander inherited the throne of Macedonia. He immediately faced threats both from within the country and beyond its borders. In 334 BC, he began his famous campaign against the Persian Empire, starting with a victory at the Battle of Granicus.
In 333 BC, Alexander confronted Persian King Darius III at the Battle of Issus. This victory marked a significant event in his career, solidifying his reputation as an undefeated commander. As a result, Alexander captured many cities, including Tyre and Gaza.
In 326 BC, Alexander crossed the Indian Ocean and fought King Porus at the Battle of Hydaspes. This victory opened the way for him into India; however, his army, weary from long campaigns, refused to advance further. After this, Alexander returned to Babylon, where he began planning for further conquests.
Alexander not only conquered new lands but also actively promoted cultural exchange between Eastern and Western civilizations. He founded many cities that bore his name, among which the most famous is Alexandria in Egypt. These cities became centers of Greco-Hellenistic culture and science.
Alexander demonstrated flexibility in governing the conquered territories. He often left local administrations in place, respecting their traditions and customs, which contributed to stability and peace in his empire.
Alexander the Great died in 323 BC at the age of 32 in Babylon under mysterious circumstances. His death sparked numerous rumors and theories. After his demise, the empire he created split into several parts, governed by his generals known as the Diadochi.
Alexander the Great left a significant legacy that continues to influence history and culture. His campaigns opened new trade routes and avenues for cultural exchange between East and West. Many subsequent rulers sought to emulate his style of governance and military strategy.
Alexander the Great is one of the most renowned and discussed figures in history. His achievements in military affairs, governance, and cultural exchange make him a symbol of the quest for greatness and the attainment of the impossible. His life and deeds inspire people for centuries and remain a subject of study and admiration.